United States Cabinet

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The Cabinet is that part of the Executive branch of the United States Government consisting of the heads of the Federal Executive Departmentss. The term Cabinet is nowhere found in the United States Constitution, where reference is made only to the heads of departments.

Table of contents

1 Constitutional basis
2 Establishment
3 Line of succession
4 Secretary selection process
5 Significance
6 Current Cabinet
7 Cabinet-level administration offices
8 Former Cabinet positions
9 External link

Constitutional basis

Article II of the Constitution provides that the President can require "the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices." The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides that the Vice President and a majority of the principal officers of the departments can transmit a notice that the President is unfit for office.

Establishment

The first president of the United States, George Washington, quickly realized the importance of having a cabinet. Amongst his first acts he persuaded Congress to recognize the departments of Foreign Affairs (renamed State and given additional powers a few months after its creation), Treasury, and War. Unlike contemporary European advisors who were given the title "minister", the heads of these executive departments would be given the title of "secretary" followed by the name of their department. Although Washington's cabinet also contained the position of Attorney General, the Attorney General did not become the head of the Justice Department until 1870. George Washington's first cabinet consisted of Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox as Secretary of War, Edmund Randolph as Attorney General and Samuel Osgood as Postmaster General.

Line of succession

The Cabinet is also important in the presidential line of succession, with the Cabinet officers in the line of succession after the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate. Because of this, it is common practice not to have the entire cabinet in one location, even for ceremonial occasions like the State of the Union Address, where at least one Cabinet member does not attend.

Secretary selection process

The 15 Cabinet Secretaries are chosen by the President, and approved by the United States Senate by simple majority vote. Cabinet Secretaries are often drafted from among past and current American governors, senatorss, Representatives, and other political office holders. Because of the strong system of separation of powers, however, no cabinet member can simultaneously hold an office in the legislative or judicial branches of government while serving in cabinet, nor can they hold office in state government. Private citizens such as businessmen or military officials are also common cabinet choices. Unlike the parliamentary system of government, cabinet members are rarely "shuffled" and it is rare for a Secretary to be moved from one department to another.

As well, unlike the Cabinets in parliamentary systems, where the Prime Minister is frequently first among equals, the officials in the United States Cabinet are strongly subordinate to the President. In addition, the United States Cabinet does not play a collective legislative role as do the Cabinets in parliamentary systems. Cabinet members are often required to testify before Congressional committees to justify their actions, however.

Cabinet members can be fired by the President, or impeached by the Congress. Customarily, cabinet members serve for a President's term, then are either fired or re-appointed when he is elected to a second.

Significance

In recent years, the Cabinet has become less and less important as a policy making body. Starting with President Franklin Roosevelt, the trend has been for Presidents to act through the Executive Office of the President rather than through the Cabinet. This has created a situation in which non-Cabinet officials such as the White House Chief of Staff, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the National Security Advisor have power as large or larger than some Cabinet officials.

Current Cabinet

Cabinet-level administration offices

The following positions are not part of the cabinet, but have cabinet-level rank, meaning that these individuals are permitted to attend cabinet meetings:

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency - Michael O. Leavitt
Director of the Office of Management and Budget - Joshua B. Bolten
Director of the National Drug Control Policy - John P. Walters
U.S. Trade Representative - Robert B. Zoelick
Vice President of the United States - Richard B. Cheney
White House Chief of Staff - Andrew H. Card Jr
Director of Central Intelligence - John E. McLaughlin (interim director)
United States Ambassador to the United Nations - John Danforth
Federal Emergency Management Agency Director - Joseph M. Allbaugh
White House Counsel - Alberto R. Gonzales
National Security Adviser - Condoleezza Rice
Senior Adviser and Assistant to the President - Karl Rove

Former Cabinet positions

Secretary of Foreign Affairs was renamed Secretary of State and given additional responsibilities in March 1790.
From 1789 to 1947, the duties of the Secretary of Defense were instead handled by Cabinet-level positions of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy.
Prior to 1913, the duties of the current Secretaries of Commerce and Labor were held by a single Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
Between the years 1872 and 1971, the Post Office Department was headed by the Postmaster General which was a Cabinet-level executive agency.
Prior to 1980, the duties of the Secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education were united in the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Previously, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations was considered a Cabinet level position.

External link

The President's Cabinet

United States Federal Executive Departments
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