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Liberal Party of Canada
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Liberal Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada
Current Leader:Paul Martin
Founded:July 1, 1867 (nation's founding)
Headquarters:Suite 400
81 Metcalfe Street
Ottawa, Ontario
K1P 6M8
Colours:Red
Political ideology:liberal
International alignment:Liberal International

The Liberal Party of Canada (fr: Parti libéral du Canada) is Canada's largest political party. It currently forms the federal government under Prime Minister Paul Martin.

The Liberal Party is often called "Canada's natural governing party" because it has been in power in Canada for most of the past century. It is one of only two parties that have alternately governed Canada since Confederation, the other being the now-defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and its various preceding incarnations. Every 20th century Liberal leader has at one time served as Prime Minister.

Table of contents
1 Origins
2 Confederation
3 Laurier
4 Canadian Sovereignty
5 Liberals and the Welfare State
6 Trudeau Era
7 Post-Trudeau
8 Paul Martin
9 General
10 Leaders of the Liberal Party
11 Election results 1945-2004
12 Provincial and Territorial Liberal Parties
13 See also
14 External link

Origins

The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century Reformersers who agitated for responsible government throughout British North America. These included George Brown, Robert Baldwin, William Lyon Mackenzie and the Clear Grits in Upper Canada, Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, and the Patriotes and Rouges in Lower Canada led by figures such as Louis-Joseph Papineau.
See also: Rebellions of 1837

Confederation

At the time of the confederation of the former British colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the radical Liberals were marginalized by the more pragmatic Conservative coalition assembled under Sir John A. Macdonald. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power in 1873 after the Macdonald government lost a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons because of the Pacific Scandal. Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, but lost the government to Macdonald in 1878.

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Laurier

In their early history, the Liberals were the party of free trade, continentalism, and opposition to excessive imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the growing hostility of French-Canadians to the Conservatives. the conservatives lost the support of Quebecers because of the role of Conservative governments in the execution of Louis Riel, the suppression of the rights of French-Canadians outside of Quebec, and their role in the Conscription crisis of 1917.

It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party. Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories' alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the party's reputation for anti-clericalism which offended the still powerful Quebec Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Party's support for free trade made it tremendously popular among farmers, and helped cement the party's hold in the growing prairie provinces.

Canadian Sovereignty

Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 Canadian election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Laurier's government created of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, and oversaw the development of Canadian industry. The Liberals lost power in the 1911 Canadian election due to opposition to the party's policies on reciprocity (or free trade), and the creation of a Canadian navy.

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Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty and greater independence from the British Empire. In Imperial Conferences held throughout the 1920s, Canadian Liberal governments often took the lead in arguing that Britain and the dominions should have equal status, and against proposals for an imperial parliament that would have subsumed Canadian independence. After the King-Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalised in the Statute of Westminster which was actually passed in 1931, the year after the Liberals lost power.

The Liberals also promoted the idea of Canada being responsible for its own foreign and defence policy. Initially, it was Britain which determined external affairs for the dominion. In 1905, Laurier created the Department of External Affairs, and in 1909 he appointed the first Secretary of State for External Affairs to Cabinet. It was also Laurier who first proposed the creation of a Canadian Navy in 1910. Mackenzie King appointed Vincent Massey the first Canadian ambassador to Washington in 1926, marking the Liberal government's insistence on having direct relations with the United States rather than having Britain act on Canada's behalf.

Liberals and the Welfare State

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For many years Liberals have been accused of, or credited with, not having any great vision but rather reflecting whatever policies could best get them elected. In the period just before and after the Second World War, the party became a champion of social goals.

Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King introduced several measures that led to the creation of Canada's welfare state (or social safety net). Bowing to popular pressure, Mackenzie King introduced the mother's allowance. He also reluctantly introduced old age pensions when J. S. Woodsworth required it in exchange for his support of King's minority government. Later, Lester B. Pearson introduced universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans, and the Canada Assistance Plan (which provided funding for provincial welfare programs).

Trudeau Era

Under Pierre Trudeau, this mission evolved into the goal of creating a "just society". In recent years, however, the party has been accused of "campaigning on the left and ruling on the right".

''']] The Trudeau Liberals became the champions of bilingualism, passing the Official Languages Act which gave the French and English languages equal status in Canada. Trudeau hoped that the promotion of bilingualism would cement Quebec's place in confederation, and counter growing calls for an independent Quebec. This policy aimed to transform Canada into a country where English and French-Canadians could live together in comfort, and could move to any part of the country without having to lose their language. While this has not occurred, official bilingualism has helped to halt the decline of the French language outside of Quebec, and has also ensured that all federal government services (as well as radio and television) are available in both languages throughout the country.

The Trudeau Liberals are also credited with support for official multiculturalism as a means of integrating immigrants into Canadian society without forcing them to shed their culture. As a result of this and a more sympathetic attitude by Liberals towards immigration policy, the party has built a base of support among recent immigrants and their children.

The most lasting effect of the Trudeau years has been the patriation of the Canadian constitution and the creation of Canada's Charter of Rights. Trudeau Liberals support the concept of a strong, central government, and fought Quebec separatism, other forms of Quebec nationalism, and the granting of distinct society status to Quebec.

Post-Trudeau

After Trudeau's retirement in 1984, many Liberals, such as Jean Chrétien and Clyde Wells, continued to adhere to Trudeau's concept of federalism. Others, such as John Turner and Paul Martin, supported the failed Meech Lake and Charlottetown Constitutional Accordss which recognised Quebec as a distinct society and would have increased the powers of the provinces to the detriment of the federal government.

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Under the party's new leader, John Turner, the Liberals lost power in the 1984 Canadian election and were reduced to only 40 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberals began a long process of reconstruction.

The 1988 Canadian election was notable for John Turner's strong opposition to the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement negotiated by Tory Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Although most Canadians voted for parties opposed to free trade, the Tories were returned with a majority government, and implemented the deal.

Turner resigned in 1990 due to growing discontent within the party with his leadership, and was replaced by bitter rival Jean Chrétien. Chrétien's Liberals formally opposed free trade and campaigned in the 1993 Canadian election on the promise of renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement. But when Chrétien took power, his government implemented only minor changes to NAFTA, and embraced the free trade concept.

While the Chrétien Liberals campaigned from the left in power, they implemented a neo-liberal agenda, reducing taxes and social programs, in order to balance the federal budget. The Chrétien Liberals were also keen supporters of globalization. Chrétien continued the Trudeau Liberal approach to federalism, and opposed making major concessions to Quebec.

After a proposal for Quebec independence was narrowly defeated in the 1995 Quebec referendum, the Liberals passed the 'Clarity Act' in an attempt to outline the federal government's preconditions for negotiating Quebec independence. In Chrétien's final days, he supported same-sex marriage in Canada as well as decriminalizing the possession of small quantities of marijuana.

Paul Martin

Paul Martin succeeded Chrétien in 2003. Despite the personal rivalry between the two, Martin was the architect of the Liberals' economic policies as Chrétien's Minister of Finance during the 1990s. He is expected to continue these policies, though there is also speculation that he will be more flexible on the issue of federalism and possible constitutional concessions to Quebec and the other provinces.

The transition period around Martin's takeover, and since, has seen unprecendented infighting within the party. See: 2004 Liberal Party of Canada infighting

In the June 28th, 2004 federal election, Paul Martin was re-elected as the Prime Minister of Canada, despite fierce competition from Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper. The Liberal party formed a minority government.

General

Known colloquially as the "Grits" (originally "Clear Grits"), the Liberal Party has held power for a substantial majority of the past century. In fact, in the entire history of the Liberal Party, there has only been one non-interim leader, Edward Blake, who was never Prime Minister of Canada. It is also worth noting that every successive Liberal Prime Minister has been a cabinet minister in the past Liberal leader's cabinet: Martin was in Chrétien's cabinet, who was in Turner's cabinet, who was in Trudeau's cabinet, etc. The party has a reputation among members for being very united and loyal, though this is always called into question during leadership races.

The Liberal Party is a member of the Liberal International.

Leaders of the Liberal Party

NOTES:

1 Herb Gray served as Leader of the Opposition from June 23 until Chrétien was re-elected to Parliament in December 1990, though he was never the leader, nor even the interim leader, of the Liberal party.

The Liberal Party held its first leadership convention in 1919 electing William Lyon Mackenzie King as leader. Prior to that party leaders were chosen by caucus.

See also: Liberal leadership conventions for ballot by ballot results.

Election results 1945-2004

Election # of candidates nominated # of seats won # of total votes % of popular vote
1945
236
117
2,086,545
39.78%
1949
259
190
2,878,097
49.15%
1953
263
169
2,743,013
48.62%
1957
265
105
2,703,687
40.91%
1958
265
49
2,444,909
33.50%
1962
264
100
2,862,001
37.17%
1963
265
128
3,293,789
62.80%
1965
265
131
3,099,521
40.18%
1968
263
155
3,696,945
57.85%
1972
263
109
3,717,804
38.42%
1974
264
141
4,102,853
43.15%
1979
282
114
4,595,319
40.11%
1980
282
147
4,855,425
44.40%
1984
282
40
3,516,486
28.02%
1988
294
83
4,205,072
31.92%
1993
295
177
5,598,775
41.24%
1997
301
155
4,994,377
38.46%
2000
301
172
5,251,961
40.85%
2004
308
135
4,951,107
36.7%

Provincial and Territorial Liberal Parties

Each province in Canada has its own Liberal Party.

In most provinces, they are direct organizational affiliates with the federal Liberal party, much like the provincial sections of the New Democratic Party.

These parties, and their leaders, are:

The Ontario Liberal Party (Hon. Dalton McGuinty, MPP, Premier of Ontario, leader) and Alberta Liberal Party (Kevin Taft, MLA, leader) are officially autonomous but are still closely associated with the federal Liberal Party.

The Parti libéral du Québec (Hon. Jean Charest, MNA, Premier of Quebec, leader) and the BC Liberal Party (Hon. Gordon Campbell, MLA, Premier of British Columbia, leader) use the Liberal name but are completely independent of the federal party and function as coalitions of Liberal and Conservative supporters. They do not support the Liberal Party in federal elections, preferring to remain neutral. In practice, these parties are conservative in orientation, though they do have prominent supporters of the federal Liberals in their caucuses.

The Northwest Territories and Nunavut have non-partisan legislatures.

See also

External link


Federal Political Parties of Canada
Liberal Party
Conservative Party
Bloc Québécois
New Democratic Party
Not represented in the House of Commons
Canadian Action Party
Christian Heritage Party
Communist Party
Green Party
Libertarian Party
Marijuana Party
Marxist-Leninist Party
PC Party
This text is part of the Liberalism series (III)
Liberalism I - Liberalism in countries II - Liberal parties III - Liberal thinkers IV - LI - ELDR (ALDE) - CALD - Liberal leaders - History of liberal parties