Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryŏ (高句麗; 고구려; pinyin: Gāogōulí) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is often referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla.

Table of contents

1 History
2 Culture
3 Language
4 Modern politics
5 Sovereigns of Goguryeo
6 See also
7 External links

History

According to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. It gained power while China was fragmented. The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled half of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. The southernmost part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part was by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Bohai.

Barhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.

Culture

Remains of castles, palaces and several artifacts including tomb paintings have been found in North Korea. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Jian in northeast China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural heritage still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's indigenous heating system. It has been improved and can be found beneath floor of every modern houses in Korea nowadays.

Language

The Goguryeo language is unknown except for small number of words, which suggests that it was different from Korean or Tungusic languages. Some of these words can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. It is interesting that some words including numerals correspond with Japanese ones.(suggests Korean influence of Japan) Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Based on Chinese accounts, some linguists set the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, the upper class of Baekje and for some extent, Japanese.

Modern politics

Both Korea and China claim Goguryeo as their own. Koreans have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, and most classical Chinese historical works treat Goguryeo, Baekje, Shilla together. Recently China has launched a project to treat Goguryeo as a local government within China in connection with Chinese Nationalism, which is followed by North and South Korea's counter-project.

Sovereigns of Goguryeo

Sovereigns of Goguryo 1st century BC-668 (in Korea)
Legendary line

Samguk Sagi
Posthumous Names ( Si Ho 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns

東明聖王|Dong Myeong Seong Wang 高朱蒙 Goh Ju Mong
朱蒙 Ju Mong
37 B.C-19 B.C

琉璃王|Yu Ri Wang
琉璃明王|Yu Ri Myeong Wang 類利 Yu Ri
孺留 Yu Ryu 19 B.C-18

大武神王|Dae Mu Shin Wang
大解朱留王|Dae Hae Ju Ryu Wang 無恤 Mu Hyoul 18-44

閔中王|Min Jung Wang 解色朱 Hae Saek Ju 44-48

慕本王|Moh Bohn Wang 解憂 Hae Ru
解愛婁 Hae Ae Ru 48-53

Weishu
Personal Names

朱蒙 Ju Mong

閭達|Yeo Dal

始閭諧 Shi Ryeo Hae

如栗 Yeo Ruyl

Molai|莫來 Mak Rae

Monument
Personal Names

鄒牟 Chu Mo

儒留 Yu Ryu

大朱留 Dae Ju Ruy

Great king line

Samguk Sagi
Posthumous Names ( Si Ho 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns

太祖王Tae Jo Wang
太祖大王|Tae Jo Dae Wang
國祖王Guk Jo Wang 宮 Gung
於漱 Eo Su 53-146

次大王|Cha Dae Wang 遂成 Su Seong 146-165

新大王|Shin Dae Wang 伯固 Baek Goh
伯句 Baek Gu 165-179

Houhanshu(Chenese History Book), etc
Personal Names

Gong|宮 gong1

Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2

Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4

Wandu-Guonei line

Posthumous Names ( Si Ho 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns

故國川王|Goh Guk Cheon Wang
國襄王|Guk Yang Wang 男武 Nam Mu
179-197

山上王|Sang San Wang 廷優 Yeon Woo
伊夷謨 Yi Yi Mo
197-227

東川王|dong1 chuan1 wang2
東襄王|dong1 xiang1 wang2 憂位宮Woo Wi Geo 227-248

中川王|Jung Cheon Wang
中襄王|Jung Yang Wang 然弗 Yeon Bul 227-248

西川王|Seo Cheon Wang
西襄王|Seo Yang Wang 藥盧 Yak Roh
若友 Yak Woo 248-270

烽上王|Bong Sang Wang
鴙葛王|Chi Gal Wang 相夫 Sang Bu 292-300

美川王|Mi Cheon Wang
好攘王|Ho Yang Wang 乙弗 Eeol Bul
憂拂 Woo Bul 300-331

故國原王|Go Guk Won Wang
國岡上王|Guk Gang Sang Wang 斯由 Sa Yu
(Korean) Suoe 331-371

小獸林王|So Su Rim Wang
小解朱留王|So Hae Ju Ryu Wang 丘夫 Gu Bu 371-384

故國攘王|Go Guk Yang Wang 伊連 Yi Ryeon 384-391

廣開土王|Gwang Gae To Wang
國岡上廣開土境平安好太王 Guk-sang-wang-gwang-gae-to-dae-wang Pyeong-ahn-ho-tae-wang 談德 Dam Deok
安 Ahn 391-412

P'yŏngyang line

Posthumous Names ( Si Ho 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns

長壽王Jang Su Wang 巨連 Geo Ryeon
璉 Yeon 412-491

文咨明王Mun Ja Myeong Wang
明治好王Myeong Chi Ho Wang 羅雲 Na Woon
雲 Woon 491-519

安藏王Ahn Jang Wang 興安 Heung Ahn
安 Ahn 519-531

安原王Ahn Won Wang 寶廷 Boh Yeon
廷 Yeon 531-545

陽原王Yang Won Wang
陽崗上好王 Yang Gang Sang Ho Wang 平成 Pyung Seong 545-559

平原王Pyeong Won Wang
平崗上好王Pyeong Gang Sang Ho Wang
平崗上王Pyeong Gang Sang Wang 陽成 Yang Seong 559-590

嬰陽王Yeong Yang Wang
平陽王Pyeong Yang Wang 元 Won
大元 Dae Won 590-618

營留王Yeong Ryu Wang 建武 Geon Mu
建成 Geon Seong 618-642

寶藏王Bo Jang Wang 藏 Jang
寶藏 Bo Jang 642-668

Notes:

The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King

Jang Su built a monument for his father and Goguryo made contacts with Northern Wei.

The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like Houhanshu. It contains contradictions and mismatches.
The royal surname Go (高) is believed to have been derived from the first character in th country's name.

External links

Korean history in Manchuria