Glossary of German WWII military terms

This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans that were used by the German military during World War II. Some have also been used in other times, and some are still in use today. Ranks and translations of the nicknames German's gave their vehicles during the war are included. Also included are some general terms from the German language found frequently in military jargon. Some terms are from the general German cultural background, others are given to show a change that was made before or after the Nazi era. Factories that were the primary producers of military equipment, especially tanks, are also given.

Table of contents

1 Glossary 1.1 A 1.2 B 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 W 1.24 X 1.25 Y 1.26 Z 2 List of German Military Ranks 3 List of German Medals 4 List of Code Names for Major German Operations 5 References 6 Related Topics

Glossary

A

• Allgemeine-SS -- general body of the Schutzstaffel consisting of full-time, part-time, and honorary members
• Abschnitt -- sector, district
• Abteilung (Abt.) -- detachment, batallion
• Abwehr -- lit. defense; however, this term was also used to the counter-espionage service of the high command, the Abwehr, headed by Admiral Canaris.
• Abzeichen -- insignia
• Aggregat-4 (A4) -- earlier name for the German V2 rocket.
• Aktion T4 -- extermination of mentally ill and handicapped patients by the Nazi authorities. (Named after Tiergartenstrasse 4, the address of Nazi Central Office in Berlin.)
• Amt -- office
• Amt Mil -- German Army intelligence organization which succeeded the Abwehr.
• "Arbeit macht frei" -- lit. Work makes you free.; notorious slogan often seen in concentration camps
• Armeekorps -- Infantry corps
• Armee-Nachrichten-Führer -- Army Signals Officer, served on the staff HQ of an Armee.
• Armee-Pionier-Führer -- Army Engineer Officer, served on the staff HQ of an Armee.
• Armee-Sanitäts-Abteilung -- Army medical unit
• Aus ein Traum (aus der Traum) -- lit. Out of a/the dream; a slogan painted by German soldiers near the end of the war expressing the surreality of their situation.
• Angriff -- attack
• Attentat - assassination attempt
• Aufklärung -- reconnaissance
• Aufklärungs-Abteilung -- reconnaissance unit or batallion, also used to designate certain battalion-sized units.
• Ausfürung (Ausf.) -- version, model, variant
• Auszeichnung -- accolade, distinction

B

• Batterie -- battery, artillery piece
• Baupionier -- army construction engineer
• B-Dienst -- Beobachtungdienst, lit observation service; German Navy crypto-analytical department.
• Befehl (pl. befehle) -- order, command
• Beobachtungswagen -- observation or reconnaissance vehicle
• Bergepanzer -- salvage or tank-recovery vehicle
• Beute-Panzer -- captured tank or armored vehicle
• Blechkoller -- lit. tin fright; in U-boats, a form of nervous tension that could be caused by depth charge attacks and resulted in violence or hysteria.
• Blitzkrieg -- lit. lightning war; fast moving battle tactics developed by German generals, most notably Erwin Rommel, Heinz Guderian, and Erich von Manstein, using massed tanks and ground-attack bombers to speedily penetrate enemy lines at points and move to their rear, causing confusion/panic among them.
• Brückenleger -- bridgelayer
• Bundeswehr -- name adopted for the German armed forces after the fall of the Third Reich

C

• Kapo (Cabo) -- Jews who worked inside the death camps. Their tasks including transporting victims of gassing to the ovens, cleaning the gas chambers of human excrement and blood, removal of gold from the teeth of the victims, shaving the heads of those going to the gas chambers.
• Chef des Generalstabes -- Chief of the General Staff
• Concentration camp -- Any internment camp for holding "enemies of the Third Reich." The construction of concentration camps began almost immediately after Hitler came to power. There were several kinds: labor camps, prison camps and death camps.

D

• Daimler Benz (DB) -- Producer of military vehicles
• Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) -- German troops send to North Africa under the command of Erwin Rommel to prevent the loss of Lybia by the Italians.
• Death Marches, At the end of the war when it became obvious that the German army was trapped between the Soviets to the east and the advancing Allied troops from the west, the Nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of camp inmates, forced them to march westward. Thousands died in these marches.
• "Die Juden sind unserer Unglück" -- Nazi slogan: "The Jews are our misfortune."
• Drahtverhaue - barbed-wire entanglement. Slang term used by German soldiers during World Wars I and II for a military-issue mixture of dried vegetables.

E

• Eagle's Nest -- name given to Hitler's mountain-top home at Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian Alps.
• Einheit -- detachment or unit
• Einsatz -- duty, mission, encouragement
• Einsatzbereit -- statement meaning, "Ready for action."
• Einsatzgruppen -- Battalion-sized, mobile killing units of the Security Police and SS Security Service that followed the German armies into the Soviet Union in June 1941. These units were supported by units of the uniformed German Order Police and auxiliaries of volunteers (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian). Their victims, primarily Jews, were executed by shooting and were buried in mass graves from which they were later exhumed and burned. At least a million Jews were killed in this manner. There were four Einsatzgruppen (A,B,C,D) which were subdivided into company-sized Einsatzkommandos.
• Einsatzkommando -- Subdivisions of the Einsatzgruppen which took care of the mobilization and killing of Jews during the German invasion into the Soviet Union.
• Eisenbahn -- lit. iron way; railroad
• Eisernes Kreuz - lit. iron cross; medal awarded for valorious service
• Elektra -- a German radio-navigational system
• Endlösung -- the "Final Solution"; refers to the genocide planned against the Jewish people.
• Enigma -- German message encryption equipment
• Ersatz -- substitute, replacement; could refer to replacement troops or any substance used in place of another, e.g., ersatz coffee, ersatz rubber, etc.
• Etappendienst -- German naval intelligence department
• Exerzierpanzer -- practice or exercise tank

F

• Fahrgestell -- chassis, undercarriage
• Fallshirmjäger -- lit. parachute hunter; German airborne troops, paratroopers
• Fahnenheid -- lit. oath to the flag; oath of allegiance to Hitler sworn by the German Army.
• Fahrzeug und Motorenbau GmbH (FAMO) -
• Feld -- Field
• Feldgendarmerie -- German military or field police
• Feldgrau -- lit. field gray; term used to describe the color of the ordinary German soldier's tunic.
• Feldlazarette -- field hospital
• Feldwebel -- sergeant
• Feindfahrt -- lit. enemy trip; in U-boat terminology, a war cruise/patrol against the enemy.
• Festung -- fortress
• Flakpanzer -- anti-aircraft tank, such as the Möbelwagen.
• Flammpanzer -- flame-throwing tank
• Flammenwerfer -- flame thrower
• Fliegerabwehr-Abteilung -- anti-aircraft batallion
• Fliegerabwehrkanone (FLAK) -- air defense gun, acronym has become a common term for any anti-aircraft gun.
• Forschungsamt -- intelligence service of the Luftwaffe.
• Freiwilligen -- volunteer
• Führer -- leader, title given to exclusively to Adolph Hitler: Mein Fuhrer, Der Führer
• Fusilier -- An historic German term often used to refer to heavy infantry units, original refering to the type of weapon carried of the same name. During WWII used to name infantry formations with some recon abilities that replaced an infantry division's recon battalion mid-war when the Germans reduced the number of standard infantry battalions in their divisions from 9 to 6.

G

• Gauleiter -- supreme territorial or regional party authority(-ies)
• Gebirgsjäger -- mountain troops
• Gemeindepolizei -- local police
• Gendarmerie -- rural police
• Generalfeldmarschall -- Field Marshal
• Generaloberst --
• Generalstab des Heeres -- German Army General Staff
• Geschütz -- gun
• Gestapo -- Geheime Staatspolizei, lit. secret state police; the official state secret police force of Nazi Germany, coordinated with the Kripo under the SD.
• Gleichschaltung -- lit. coordination, coordination of everything into Nazi ideals.
• Golden pheasants -- derogatory term Germans used for high-ranking Nazi Party members. The term derived from the brown and red uniforms worn at official functions and rallies by party members that resembled the brilliant colors of a male pheasant.
• Gothic Line -- German defence line in Italy, north of Florence.
• Grabenkrieg -- trench warfare
• Granatwerfer -- lit. grenade thrower; mortar
• Grenadier -- historic German term used to refer to infantrymen, usually a specialist in the use of a particular weapon or tactic.
• Grenze -- border
• Grofaz -- Germans soldier's derogatory acronym for "Grossten Feldherr Aller Zeiten," a title publicized by Nazi propaganda to refer to Adolph Hitler during the early war years; lit. Greatest War Lord of all Time.
• Gruppe -- group
• Gustav Line -- German defence line in Italy, centred on Monte Cassino.

H

• Hakenkreuz -- the Swastika
• Handelsmarine -- German merchant marine
• Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG (Hanomag) --
• Haubitze -- howitzer
• Heer -- regular German Army
• Heimatschuss -- lit. homeland shot; a wound not severe anough to be permanently disabling but of enough severity to require evacuation from the battlefront. The German soldier's equivalent of the American G.I.'s "million-dollar wound."
• Heldenklau - lit. stealing or snatching of heroes; Slang term used to denote the practice of commandeering rear-echelon personnel for front-line service.
• Henschel und Sohn (H) --
• Hilfsfreiwillige (HIWI) - German Army volunteer forces usually made up of Soviet volunteers serving in non-combat capacities.
• Hitler Jungend -- Hitler Youth organization

I

• Infanterie -- Infantry

J

• Jagdpanzer -- lit. tank hunter; armored, mobile tank destroyer
• Jagd-Kommando -- lit. hunting commando. Generally refers to a commando outfit that, when the enemy overran an occupied area, would remain behind enemy lines and carry out sabotage and other guerrilla actions. These units did not generlaly operate as such and were taken over by the SS and used as front line combat troops in 1944-45.
• Jäger (Jagd-) -- lit. hunter; used to refer to elite troops, usually noting their specialty, such as gebirgsjäger or fallshirmjäger, as well as certain tanks such as the Jagdtiger.

K

• Kampf -- struggle, fight or conflict
• Kaserne -- barracks
• Kavallerie -- cavalry
• Ketten -- track, such as a tank track
• Kettenkraftrad -- a tracked motorcycle; also "kettenkrad"
• Konzentrationslager -- concentration camp
• Knickebein -- lit. crooked leg; German navigational system using radio beams to guide bombers.
• Ritterkreuz -- Knight's Cross (of the Iron Cross); award for valorious service for those who had already received the Iron Cross. 7318 of these were awarded during the war.
• Krad (Kraft-Radfahrzeug) -- Motorcycle
• Kradschützen -- Motorcycle unit or soldier
• Kriegesgefangen -- prisoner of war
• Kriegsmarine -- German Navy
• Kristallnacht -- lit. Crystal Night ; referrs to the "Night of Broken Glass", Nov. 9-10, 1938.
• Kripo -- Kriminalpolizei; the Nazi's criminal police force that along with the Gestapo was part of the Sicherheitsdienst, or SD, the "state police".
• Krupp (Kp) -- producer of tanks
• Krupp-Daimler (KD) -- producer of tanks
• Kübel -- bucket or tub
• Kugel -- bullet (also ball)
• Kugelblitz -- fireball

L

• Lebensraum -- "living space"
• Landsturm -- historically, infantry of non-professional soldiers, a kind of militia
• Lanser -- historical term for a German infantryman
• Leicht -- light, usually to refer a lighter type, such as light tank: leichtepanzer. A leichte Division was a motorized and lightly armored formation.
• Lichtenstein -- German airborne radar used for nightfighting.
• Luchs -- lynx; nickname given to a verson of the Panzer II.
• Luftadler -- lit. air eagle; Luftwaffe's eagle insignia
• Luftwaffe -- lit. air weapon; German Air Force
• Luftschutzpolizai -- air raid protection police

M

• MAN -- German armed anti-nazi resistance group named after the MAN engineering works in Bavaria.
• Maybach (M) --
• Maschinenfabrik Augsberg Nürnberg (MAN) --
• Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover (MNH) -- weapon (tank) development and production firm
• Maschinengewehr -- machine gun
• Milice -- paramilitary police force of Vichy France (Milice Francaise).
• Mine (pl. minen) -- an anti-personnel, tank, or boat mine.
• Mit -- preposition meaning "with"
• Mühlenbau und Industrie AG (MIAG) --
• Munitionsschlepper -- munitions or ammunition carrier

N

• Nachrichten -- signals / news / communication
• Nacht und Nebel -- lit. night and fog
• Nashorn -- rhinoceros, nickname for a tank
• Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (NSDAP) -- National Socialist German Worker's Party -- Nazi Party
• Nebelwerfer (Nb.W) -- lit. fog thrower; rocket artillery, multi-barrel rocket launchers that could be used for smoke or high explosive projectiles
• Norden - north

O

• Ober -- higher
• Oberkommando des Heeres -- Army High Command
• Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine -- Navy High Command
• Oberkommando der Luftwaffe -- Supreme Command of the Air Force
• Oberkommando der Wehrmacht -- Armed Forces High Command
• Offizier-Lager (Oflag) -- lit. officer camp. German prisoner of war camp for Allied officers.
• Ordnungsdienst -- lit. order service, Ghetto police made up of Jewish Ghetto residents
• Osten -- east
• Ostpreußen -- Province of East Prussia

P

• Panzer -- armor
• Panzerabwehrkanone (PaK) -- anti-tank gun
• Panzerbefelswagen (Pz.Bef.Wg) -- the commanding tank of any Panzer detachment.
• Panzergrenadier -- mobilized or armored infantry
• Panzerjäger -- lit. armor or tank hunter, anti-tank weapon
• Panzerkampfwagen (Pzkpfw.) -- lit. armored fighting vehicle; usually a reference to a type of tank.
• Panzerstörer -- lit. tank destroyer; name was sometimes also given to units in an attempt to boost morale.
• Pionier (pl. pioniere) -- combat engineer
• Porsche (P) -- company that designed and produced tanks and other military vehicles. They now produce cars.

Q

• Quist -- One of several manufacturers of German helmets both during and after WWII. Quist's helmets are marked with a distinct Latin script Q printed on the inside left rim. Next to the Q was a two digit stamp of the helmet's size in cm. Q66 would be Quist helmet in size 66.

R

• Reichsführer-SS -- Reich Leader of the SS, an office held by Heinrich Himmler.
• Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) -- lit. Reich Security Main Office; orgainisation created by Himmler to coordinate all German security and police departments, including the Gestapo, Kripo and SD.
• Reichstag -- the German Parliament
• Reichswehr -- name for the German Armed Forces under the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1935.
• Rheinmetall-Borsig (RhB) --
• Rotes Kreuz -- Red Cross

S

• Sanitäts -- Medical unit or personnel
• Saukopf -- lit. pig's head, used to refer to the shape of a gun mantlet or mount
• Schlacht -- Battle
• Schlachtschiffe - Battleship
• Schnell -- adjective meaning "fast".
• Schutzstaffel (SS) -- lit. protection squad; basically, Hitler's praetorian guard (bodyguard).
• Schürzen -- skirting, armor skirting added to tanks to give additional protection.
• Schütze -- rifleman
• Schutzhaft -- lit. protective custody; a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings, typically in concentration camps.
• Schutzhaftbefehl -- lit. detention order; document declaring that a detained person desired to be imprisoned. Normally this signature was forced by torture.
• Schwere -- adjective meaning "heavy", the word "grosse" (large) can mean the same.
• Selbstfahrlafette -- self-propelled
• Sicherheitsdienst (SD) -- lit. security department; the Nazi Party security service, intelligence gathering and counter-espionage wings of the RSHA headed by Reinhard Heydrich.
• Sicherheitspolizei -- security police, namely the Kripo and Gestapo
• Siemens-Schuckert Werke (SSW) --
• Sigrunen -- the name of the double "S" rune used by the SS.
• Sonderbehandlung -- lit. special treatment; a Nazi euphemism meaning torture or killing of people in detention
• Sonderkraftfahrzeug (Sd.Kfz.) -- Special purpose motor vehicle, usually abbreviated and referring to an Ordinance Inventory Number
• Späher -- scout
• Spähwagen -- Scout/reconnaissance vehicle
• Stab (pl. Stäbe) -- staff
• Stabsfeldwebel -- staff sergeant
• Stahlhelm -- steel helmet
• Stalag -- German prisoner of war camp for ranks other than officers.
• Stellung -- position
• Sturmabteilungen (SA) -- storm troopers
• Sturmgeschütz (StuG) -- assault gun
• Süden -- south
• Schwarze Kapelle -- lit. Black Orchestra; a term used to describe a group of conspirators within the German Army who plotted to overthrow Hitler and came near to assassinating him on July 20, 1944.

T

• Tauchpanzer -- submersible tank
• Tiger -- Nickname given to the Panzer VI Tiger I and Tiger II series of tanks, as well as the larger Jagdtiger.
• Tropenhelm -- pith helmet; a wide rimmed helmet used in tropical areas, most notably by the Afrika Korps.
• Tot -- dead
• Totenkopf -- lit. death's head;
• Totenkopfverbände -- Death's Head units, employed earlier as guards in concentration camps, later became the first unit of the Waffen-SS, the Totenkopfdivision
• Totenkopfwachsturbanne -- Death's head Guard battalions; units of the SS that guarded concentration camps during the war

U

• Ultra -- Allied code name given to messages and intelligence decoded from German Enigma encrypted sources.
• Unterseeboot (U-Boat) -- submarine
• Unterführer -- non-commissioned officer

V

• V1 Rocket -- The first of the operational German weapons of vengeance, or "Vergeltungswaffen" - the V-1 was a pilotless flying bomb powered by a pulse-jet engine and carried a 850 kg (1875 lb) high-explosive warhead. They had a range of up to 200 km. nicknamed "buzz bombs" by allied troops due to the sound they made.
• V2 Rocket -- Also known as the A4, the successor to the V-1 was a long range rocket powered by liquid oxygen and alcohol, it had a 975 kg (2150 lb) high-explosive warhead and a range of 320 km.
• V3 -- Long-range, smooth-bore gun designed to fire shells carrying up to a 10 kg (22 lb) high-explosive warhead at a range of 93 km. It was never very successful as most installations were destroyed by bombing before they could be used.
• Vernichtungslager -- Extermination camp
• Versuchskonstruktion -- prototype
• Vichy France -- French regime set up in the city of Vichy under Marshal Petain in collaboration with the Germans following the fall of France in 1940. It governed the southern half of France until its dissolution in 1944.
• Volkssturm -- People's defense force, made up mostly of older men and boys.

W

• Wabos -- in U-boat terminology, the nickname for wasserbomben, lit. depth charges.
• Waffe (pl. Waffen) -- lit. weapon, or can be an adjective meaning "armed".
• Waffen-SS -- militarized combat branch of the SS.
• Wehrmacht -- German armed forced under the Third Reich consisting of three branches: the Heer (Army), the Luftwaffe (Air Force), and the Kriegsmarine (Navy).
• Westen -- west
• Wilhelm Gustloff -- A German hospital ship sunk by a Soviet submarine's torpedo attack on January 30, 1945. The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff is the single deadliest sinking in maritime history, killing between 6,000 and 10,000 people, most of whom were civilian refugees and wounded German soldiers.
• Wolfschanze -- lit. Wolf's Lair; code name for Hitler's headquarters near Rastenburg in East-Prussia.

X

• X-Gerat -- German bomber radio-navigational equipment.

Y

• Y-Beam -- German aircraft navigational system which utilized a single station that radiated a directional beam plus a ranging signal which the bomber picked up and re-transmitted to enable the ground controllers to compute the range and know when to order the bombs to be dropped.
• Y-Gerät -- equipment for using “Y” guidance on German aircraft.

Z

• Ziel -- target, objective
• Zimmerit -- a repelling magnetic paste applied on the armour of the tanks to prevent magnetic mines from being attached. It was similar to cement, and was applied on the tanks with rake giving the vehicle a rough appearance. From the summer of the 1943 to mid-1944 zimmerit became a standard characteristic on the German panzers.
• Zitadelle -- Citadel
• Zur besonderen Verwendung (z.b.V.) -- for special use
• Zyklon-B -- Commercial name for the prussic acid gas used in German extermination camps.

List of German Military Ranks

Approximate ranks relative to US ranks:

• Grenadier/Schutze – Private
• Obergrenadier/Oberschutze – Private
• Gefreiter – Private First Class
• Obergefreiter – Corporal
• Unteroffizier – Sergeant
• Unterfeldwebel – no equivalent
• Feldwebel – Staff Sergeant
• Oberfeldwebel – Technical Sergeant
• Stabsfeldwebel – Master Sergeant
• Hauptfeldwebel – Sergeant-Major
• Leutnant – Second Lieutenant
• Oberleutnant – First Lieutenant
• Hauptmann – Captain
• Major – Major
• Oberstleutnant – Lieutanant Colonel
• Oberst – Colonel
• Generalmajor – Brigadier-General
• General-Leutnant – Major-General
• General der Infanterie, Kavalerie, etc. – Lieutanant-General
• Generaloberst – General
• Generalfeldmarschall – General of the Army

List of German Medals

List of Code Names for Major German Operations

• Adlertag -- lit. Eagle day; code name for the day of intense German air attack on Britain, 15th August 1940. Also called Alderangriffe; Eagle attack.
• Anton -- code name for the German occupation of Vichy France, November 1942; later known as Atilla.
• Atilla -- code name for the German occupation of Vichy France, November 1942
• Aufbau Ost -- lit. Eastern buildup; operational code name for the German build-up of arms prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union
• Barbarossa -- operational code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Barbarossa, or "Red Beard" was the nickname for Emperor Frederick I, who attempted to unify Germanic states in the 12th century.
• Bernhard -- operational code name for German scheme to counterfeit British bank notes and put them into circulation; began in 1942.
• Bestrafung -- operational code name for German "punishment" air attacks on Belgrade, April 1941.
• Bodenplatte -- lit. Base plate; operational code name for the German air offensive against Allied airfields in north-western Europe, January 1945.
• Eiche -- lit. Oak; operational code name for the plan to rescue Mussolini by the fallschirmjäger of the Luftwaffe.
• Greif -- lit. Griffin; operational code name for the dropping of English-speaking German troops wearing American uniforms behind the Allied lines in the Ardennes, prior to the Battle of the Bulge.
• Fall Grün -- lit. Case green; operational code name for the intended German military invasion of Czechoslovakia.
• Fall Rot -- lit. Case red; operational code name for counterstrike against France in the event of an attack on Germany from the West.
• Fall Weiß -- lit. Case white; operational code name for the German invasion of Poland.
• Fall Gelb -- lit. Case yellow; operational codename for the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
• Felix -- operational codename for the German plan to capture Gibraltar in 1941. It never took place.
• Fischfang -- lit. Fish trap; operational code name for the German counter attack on the Allied beachead at Anzio in February 1944.
• Herbstnebl -- lit. Autumn mist; operational codename for the German offensive in the Ardennes, December 1944 - Also known as The Battle of the Bulge
• Nordlight -- lit. Northern lights; operational codename for the German attack on Leningrad in 1942.
• Paukenschlag -- lit. Drumroll or Drumbeat; operational codename of the offensive against allied shipping in US and Caribbean waters in the first half of 1942.
• Pastorius -- operational codename for a U-boat spy operation involving U-202 and U-548 setting 8 agents ashore in the USA in June 1942.
• Reinhard -- operational code name for the entire process of building extermination camps, deportation of Jews first to ghettos, then to the camps for extermination and incineration. The Operation was named for SD chief Rinehard Heydrich.
• Sea Lion -- operational codename for the planned German assault on Great Britain in 1940/41. It never took place.
• Taifun -- lit. Typhoon; operational codename for the German push towards Moscow in September 1941.
• Tiger -- operational codename for the German advance through the Maginot Line on the French border in June 1940. (The name was also the operational code name for a British convoy to Egypt in May 1941.)
• Wintergewitter -- lit. Winter gale; operational codename for the unsuccessful German attempt to relieve the 6th Army at Stalingrad in December 1942.

References

• Andrew, Stephen; Thomas, Nigel; The German Army 1939-45: Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing Ltd.

(1999)

• Bidermann, Gottlob Herbert. In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir of the Eastern Front. Kansas, University Press of Kansas. (2001): ISBN: 0700611223.
• Sajer, Guy; The Forgotten Soldier. Brassey's Inc. (2001): ISBN: 1574882864. Excellent, personal telling of a regular German soldier's experience of the Eastern Front in WWII.
• Shirer, William; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. (1990): ISBN: 0671728687.

Related Topics

• Glossary of the Third Reich
• Weimar paramilitary groups